A play Dennis Potter Essay Example for Free

A play Dennis Potter Essay Blue recollected slopes is a play Dennis Potter. The title is taken from the sonnet Shropshire fellow by A. E Houseman. It challenges the discernment that youth is blameless and that all youngsters are unadulterated and decent. One of the manners in which he does this is by utilizing grown-ups to play youngsters so the unreasonableness of the play powers grown-ups to concentrate on the importance of everything going on in the play. The principle significance of the play is engaged around the thoughtless brutality of war and how this influences kids living through it. The style of the play is flared portrayal. The play was initially a TV play for the BBC in 1979. it was set in rustic west nation. For our play we are utilizing brilliant lights to show that we are outside. We are additionally going to have a few stones and sticks on the floor to play with to assist us with demonstrating the children fretfulness and steady development. Could kick them and so on the setting is rustic and in 1943 during the second universal war, this has influenced the youngsters a ton. There is a great deal of supremacist talk about the Ities and the Japs. At that point there are the games, likewise war related. The greater part of the games rotate around firearms and brutality. In conclusion there is a great deal of gloating that the young men do about what they will do in the military. In this exposition I am additionally going to allude to my mom said I never ought to by charlotte Keatley and gum and goo by Howard Brenton. Charlotte Keatley was a women's activist essayist. My mom said I never should was first acted in 1087. In 1987 there were more grounded jobs for ladies and increasingly dynamic women's activist developments in the public eye. The play speaks to the predicament of ladies and how ladies were treated in the public arena, both by men and one another. The scene where the ladies are discussing menstrual issues or the revile as they call it differentiates straightforwardly yet is like when the young men are discussing the war in blue recollected slopes. The two plays show kids talking about no-no subjects in an open and reckless manner. Howard Brenton play gum and goo was first acted in 1969. Grown-ups didnt comprehend learning difficultys just as they do now, in 1006. Numbness prompts partiality and in the long run disaster in gum and goo. This play is about a medically introverted young lady who concocts two companions, gum and goo, this character interfaces straightforwardly to Raymond in blue recalled slopes who has learning challenges, perhaps comparable, however less serious to Michelles chemical imbalance. . Each of the three plays have grown-ups playing youngsters. This makes a target separation so the falsity of the play is so clear it doesnt permit the crowd to get retained into the play. This was the crowd is compelled to focus on the issues and the tested view of youth.

Seperation of Powers essays

Seperation of Powers expositions The Judicial Branch in Regard to Separation of Powers The Doctrine of Separation of forces is that political force ought to be isolated among a few bodies as an insurance against oppression. The perfect is contradicted the supreme sway of the Crown, Parliament, or some other body. The outline for United States division of forces is spread out in the U.S. Constitution and developed in the Federalist Papers. The governing rules of the US government include the flat detachment of forces among the official (the Presidency), the lawmaking body (the two places of Congress themselves orchestrated to check and parity each other), and the legal executive (the bureaucratic courts). There is additionally a vertical partition between the government and the states. Safeguards of partition of forces demand that it is required against oppression, including the oppression of the greater part. Its rivals contend that sway must lie some place, and that it is better, and seemingly increasingly fair, to guarantee that it generally exists in a similar body. The United States needed to instate an administration organized so that each branch was isolated however equivalent. We will see, in any case, that it isn't generally a highly contrasting game plan and that the legal branch has regularly ended up in the hazy area of power. The hypothetical thinking behind the requirement for partition of forces is spread out by Publius (Jefferson and Madison) essentially in Federalist Papers # 49 51. In American talk detachment of forces is to a greater extent a name than a precise portrayal. In application, none of the three branches is truly independent from the others. This was the contention that James Madison tended to in The Federalist, no 47. The Anti-Federalist charge was that The few offices are mixed in such a way as without a moment's delay to decimate all balance and magnificence of structure, and to uncover a portion of the fundamental pieces of the building to the peril o... <!

Life Is Like Riding a Bicycle

Life Is Like Riding a Bicycle When I returned to the States in December after a year of touring, it felt like Id been  driving 100 MPH and then slammed  on the breaks: whiplash. But in retrospect, an Einstein metaphor seems more apropos: Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving. When I stopped, it wasnt whiplash; rather, the bike tipped, and I skinned my face in the fall. Im back on the bike now, cruising at a tolerable, moderate speed. Last years Tour-de-France  pace was not sustainable. But neither is absolute zero. Of course  I never intended to maintain either speed  in perpetuity, but its nice to know my limits, whichve expanded considerably  over the past twelve months. Now, this year, 2015 Professionally: In addition to building a school, we are finishing our minimalism documentary (youre going to love it!); Ryan and Ire speaking at a few conferences this spring, followed by Asymmetricals WordTasting Tour in the summer; and we are also contemplating our next steps: a potential TV show, tinkering with a possible podcast, and a few other things thatve piqued our interest (including a few surprises). Whatever we do, we are interested in discovering creative ways to contribute to the world around us. Stay tuned. Personally: Im happy. With regained balance, Im pedaling along deliberately, the wind at my back. Life is outstanding. Exciting times now; exciting times ahead. Thanks for riding alongside us. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Persuasive Speech Organ Donation - 1335 Words

I. Introduction A. â€Å"I do not need to think about death. I am a young, healthy, and invincible person. Nothing bad can ever happen to me.† Have you ever had these thoughts? B. Well, I have. I had this very thought right before October 2010, before a close friend of mine died. Right then and there, in the most tragic time of their lives, her family had a big decision to make. C. My name is Morgan Silva and I am here to talk to you about organ donation, how you can become one, and the ways your family and donor recipients benefit from the donation you made. II. Body A. People often ask themselves what organ donation is and what it involves. 1. According to Medline Plus, organ donation takes healthy organs and tissues from one person for transplantation into another. a. All kinds of organs can be donated to save a life: the kidneys, the heart, the liver, the pancreas, the small bowel, and intestines. b. The types of tissues that can be donated are bones, skin, the heart valves, blood vessels, whole eyes and corneas. By donating these organs and tissues, people save lives every day. 2. An organ donor, according to Houston Methodist Leading Medicine, is â€Å"anyone who is willing to donate organs or tissues to help extend or improve someone’s life.† a. Donatelife.net states that more than 123,000 men, women, and children currently need lifesaving organ transplants and every ten minutes another name is being added to the national organ transplant waiting list. b. According toShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech : Organ Donation1076 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Persuasive Speech Assignment #2: Organ Donation Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to become registered organ donors. Thesis: Today I want to persuade my audience to become registered organ donors. Introduction I. To start, by a show of hands, only if you feel comfortable, how many of you are registered organ donors? II. According to organdonor.gov, â€Å"an average of 22 people die each day waiting for transplants that can t take place because of the shortage of donated organs.† Read MoreOrgan Donation : Persuasive Speech909 Words   |  4 PagesOrgan Donation Rhetorical Analysis Organ donation has been a major controversy for many years now. There are those people who favor it and the ones who do not. According to the United States Organ and Tissue Transplantation Association, organ donation is defined as tissue or organ removal from a deceased or living donor, for transplantation purposes. Tissues and organs are moved in a surgical procedure. Afterwards, they are transplanted to a recipient to ensure their recovery (Francis 2015). OrganRead MorePersuasive Speech On Organ Donation1150 Words   |  5 Pagesshortage of donated organs.† (Brazier) Due to the shortage of organs, this causes many people to go to extreme measures to save a loved one. Maybe even to the point of doing something illegal. The more we help promote and contribute to organ donation, the more lives we can save. There is a new name added to the list every 10 minutes while around 20 people die a day waiting for an organ. Organ donation is the process of surgically removing an organ or tissue from one person (the organ donor) and placingRead MorePersuasive Speech On Organ Donation973 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome a live organ donor and donating a kidney to my husband Keisy. Nowadays the number of people in need of organ donation is constantly raising and one of the greatest ways we can help someone even save their lives is by becoming a live organ donor. Long before I have met my husband, he has been diagnosed with the end stage kidney disease. That meant his kidneys were failing and he needed a kidney transplant in a near future. His name was entered in the National Organ Donation list. MeanwhileRead MoreA Persuasive Speech On Organ Donation947 Words   |  4 Pagesname is, Lizette Vazquez, and I am here to talk to you about becoming an organ donor. Many people wait for years for organs to become available, the need for organ donors is growing. Donate and save a life. If you had a chance to save a life and or change their life, would you do it? If you answered no, to this question would your feelings change, towards organ donation if someone in your family or close to you need an organ transplant? Can you imagine, what it would feel like to get handed a deathRead MorePersuasive Speech On Organ Donation1048 Words   |  5 Pageshigh enough. These people need organs, and it is on us to help. It takes just one of us to save as m any as eight people on the list. People need to be educated on organ donation and the opportunities it creates rather than a hasty decision that is made when you apply for your driver’s license. Organ donation is an amazingly powerful and underestimated practice. I believe everyone should become more open to the idea of helping others through the donation of their organs, which would otherwise be entirelyRead MoreOrgan Donation Persuasive Speech Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pagescouldn’t live without? Imagine you are lying in a hospital bed and you have no choice but to impatiently wait for that one organ you and your body are depending on to survive. Many people face this struggle every day. These people are waiting on a list for their perfect match†¦ the perfect person to be their organ donor. An organ donor is a person who has an organ, or several organs, removed in ordered to be transplanted into another person. Imagine that one of your loved ones are in the hospital†¦Read MorePersuasive Speech About Organ Donation1369 Words   |  6 Pagesan organ transplant (â€Å"Data†). These people wait patiently as death knocks on their door. In America, we can do so much to ensure that people will live on with the donations of organs. Unfortunately, many are unaware of the amount of people who are dying that are waiting for an organ. Organ donation is a great way to save someones life, and continue the life of a loved one. Although it is a great way to give someone a new life many people are uninformed about donation and how valuable organs areRead MorePersuasive Outline-Organ Donation886 Words   |  4 PagesPERSUASIVE SPEECH OUTLINE – ORGAN DONATION Topic:  Organ donation Thesis Statement:  Becoming an organ donor after death is not only an important decision for yourself, but it is also an important decision for the life that you may have the power to save. Purpose:  To persuade my audience to consider becoming organ donors after death    Introduction: 1. Organ donation is a selfless way to give back to others, and to be able to make a huge difference by giving another person a second chanceRead MorePersuasive Speech Outline Essay examples942 Words   |  4 PagesPersuasive Speech Outline Topic: Organ Donation General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: After listening to my speech my audience will consider donating their organs and tissues after death and to act upon their decision to donate. Central Idea: The need is constantly growing for organ donors and it is very simple to be an organ donor when you no longer need your organs. Introduction: How do you feel when you’re waiting for something you really really want? Or what if it’s not even

Nlp in English Language Teaching - 5593 Words

ABSTRACT ii The purpose of this presentation is to determine the use of NLP in language teaching. In this study, in the first part, some background information was given about what Neuro-Linguistic programming (NLP) is, and whether NLP was used in language teaching before. To put forward whether NLP is effective in language teaching, general questions related to NLP are to be asked to language teachers in questionnaires and interviews. The collected data were analyzed in tables and graphics by using numerical system. According to the findings, the hypothesis and the results were once more examined in the conclusion part. 1. INTRODUCTION Language learners generally think that learning a language is a long and a difficult†¦show more content†¦NLP, with its roots in psychology and neurology, is about the way the brain works and how the brain can be trained for the purpose of betterment. It encompasses or is related to left / right brain functions, visual / auditory / kinesthetic learning styles, multiple intelligence and other areas of research which are attempting to identify modes of learning whilst recognizing the importance of the individual learner. (http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/methodology/nlp.shtml#one) Here are the key features of NLP: • NLP is about recognizing patterns. • NLP is concerned with process rather than content. • NLP provides a model of how we communicate with ourselves and others. (Darn, 2005:1) The name Neurolinguistic Programming might lead one to expect that it is based on the science of Neurolinguistic and that it also draws on behaviorist theories of learning. However, in NLP neuro refers to beliefs about the brain and how it functions: the literature on NLP does not refer to theory and research in neurolinguistics. Linguistic has nothing to do with linguistics but refers to a theory of communication, one that tries to explain both verbal and nonverbal informationShow MoreRelatedProcess Of Machine Translation965 Words   |  4 Pagesincluded under-resources languages. However, the problem of building a balanced mix of multilingual texts in sufficient quantities and with a high quality of translation becomes ever more central. This bottleneck becomes so prohibitive when any further processes such as sentence alignment or Part of Speech (PoS) tagging are attempted to be involved. Regardless of the difficulty of building such corpora, they are very valuable for many appli cations in Natural Language Processing (NLP) field given that theRead MoreThe Teaching Concept Of Banking Education1098 Words   |  5 PagesSpanish is the primary language. In order to build a positive relationship with the community and parents, it is important to understand and implement the culture in the curriculum. Setting an open door policy, genuinely listening to concerned parents, and speaking in the family’s native language, allows educators to gain an understanding of their student s cultural strengths and needs (Johnson, 2004). Teaching In a previous class, praxis, funds of knowledge, and language transferability were keyRead MoreDiscuss Why The Lau (1974) And Castaà ±eda (1981) Decisions1715 Words   |  7 Pageshis children were discriminated against because of their ethnicity and argued that his children were being segregated in the classroom because the school did not provide sufficient bilingual programs that would allow his children to overcome the language barriers that they experienced at school, which prevented them from participating in the classroom like their peers were doing. The Supreme Court ended up ruling in favor of the Castenedas by determining that bilingual education must be based onRead MoreThe Natural Language Processing ( Nlp )3111 Words   |  13 Pages INTRODUCTION Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP is a process in which human makes communication with machine easily. NLP is related to area of human and computer interaction. There are many application developed last few years. The very helpful application is that a machine take instruction by human voice and follow operation on it. NLP are trying to make computer more reliable that are easier to use by people. So rather than learn a special language of computer command, people will talk withRead MoreModalities of Hypnotherapy2477 Words   |  10 Pagesmany ways. Encarta World English dictionary (1999, p. 927) defines hypnosis as: â€Å" A sleep like condition that can be artificially induced in people, in which they can respond to questions and are very susceptible to suggestion from the hypnotist†. Your Free Dictionary.com (2012, pg 927) describes hypnosis as: â€Å"a calm state of altered-consciousness that allows a person to recall memories or be guided to change behaviour†. So what is Hypnotherapy? Encarta World English dictionary (1999, p. 927)Read MoreA Brief Look at Bilingual Education1691 Words   |  7 PagesGandara (2012), two major research by the National Literacy Panel (NLP) and the Center for Research on Education, Diversity and Excellence (CREDE) on effective approaches in the education of ELLs, found that Reading, spelling and writing instruction in the home language facilitates achievement in English. The same authors also found, that ELL students who receive instruction in their Native language outperform their peers in English-only programs (as cited in Martinez-Wenzy, Perez Gandara, 2012,Read MoreThe Framework And Statutory Frameworks2684 Words   |  11 Pagesway to implement the revised national curriculum which was due to the concerns raised due to the fact as a country we are falling behind on the national league tables as we are in position 23 (DfEE, 2013), which is quite disappointing as English is our first language within Bri tain, and we have made no improvements within the last three years (DfEE, 2013). â€Å"The Greeks did not just invent an alphabet; they invented ‘literacy and literature basis of modern thought† (Blake, 2002. et al). Therefore,Read MoreTeaching Methods Based On Teaching English Language Learners4053 Words   |  17 Pagespurpose of this report is to recommend to the Winn Parish School Board the teaching method that would be the most effective for teaching English Language Learners (ELLs). I analyzed two available solutions: the scaffolding teaching method and the differentiated instruction teaching method. I evaluated both teaching methods based on the flexibility in regards to allowing students’ needs to be met, ease of implementation of each teaching strategy into the classroom, and effectiveness of how of each methodRead More5th Generation Computer1934 Words   |  8 PagesArtiï ¬ cial Intelligence (AI). They try to simulate the human way of thinking and reasoning. Artiï ¬ cial Intelligence includes areas like Expert System (ES), Nat ural Language Processing (NLP), speech recognition, voice recognition, robotics, etc. It has been predicted that such a computer will be able to communicate in natural spoken language with its user; store vast knowledge databases; search rapidly through these databases, making intelligent inferences and drawing logical conclusions; and processRead MoreThe Role of Adult Education in Womens Empowerment16079 Words   |  65 Pagesin Botswana................................................................................ 18 1.2.3 Poverty in Botswana..................................................................................................................... 19 1.2.4 Language policy in Botswana........................................................................................................ 19 1.2.5 Gender, Education and Learning...................................................................................

Primary Healthcare Services Rural Seniors Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(41) " into the alone demands of rural Canada\." One of the most dramatic demographic tendencies in the universe today is the ripening of the population: an addition in the proportion of senior citizens relative to the young person and working age population. The grounds for this tendency are frequently complex. Some of the grounds could be the enormous impact of the babe boomer coevals, additions in life anticipation, alterations in birthrate forms and for many geographical locations, emigration of the younger members of society. We will write a custom essay sample on Primary Healthcare Services Rural Seniors Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This population alteration is apparent in rural Canada where there is a higher ratio of seniors to youth. With this alteration in composing of the rural population, the demands for services are increasing ; in peculiar, primary wellness attention services are particularly of import for senior citizens in rural countries. This includes more focal point on bar and intervention of common diseases and hurts, basic exigency services and wellness publicity. In this essay, I will be analysing Canada ‘s aging population, primary wellness attention services, enterprises taken by LHIN ‘s in Ontario to undertake the issue and besides European schemes. Canada ‘s Aging Population Canada faces important ripening of its population as the proportion of seniors increases more quickly than all other age groups. Seniors can be defined as those above the age of 65. In 2001, one in eight Canadians were aged 65 old ages or over. By 2026, one Canadian in five will hold reached age 65 ( Natural Resources Canada, 2009 ) . The challenges of an aging Canadian society will necessitate: continued attempts to better wellness, wellbeing and independency in ulterior life ; ease the engagement of older Canadians in economic and societal life ; strengthen the supportive environments within communities ; and, prolong authorities plans profiting Canadians of all ages ( Natural Resources Canada, 2009 ) . Canada ‘s seniors are a diverse population. Issues related to their overall wellness and wellbeing may change depending on their topographic point of abode ( urban, rural, or northern countries ) , their gender, and their ethno-cultural background every bit good as if they are among Canada ‘s Aboriginal people. Primary Health Care Services Primary wellness attention refers to an attack to wellness and a spectrum of services beyond the traditional wellness attention system. It includes all services that play a portion in wellness, such as income, lodging, instruction, and environment. Primary attention is the component within primary wellness attention that focuses on wellness attention services, including wellness publicity, unwellness and hurt bar, and the diagnosing and intervention of unwellness and hurt ( Health Canada, 2006 ) . Primary Health Care is besides relevant to secondary and third attention. The Primary Health Care attack focuses on advancing wellness and forestalling unwellness. The Primary Health Care attack means being attentive to and turn toing the many factors in the societal, economic and physical environments that affect heath – from diet, income and schooling, to relationships, lodging, workplaces, civilization and environmental quality ( Health Canada, 2006 ) . In add-on, the Primary Heal th Care attack topographic points citizens and patients on the same degree with wellness professionals when it comes to doing determinations about wellness issues that concern them. The five rules normally associated with the Primary Health Care attack are handiness, public engagement, wellness publicity, appropriate engineering and inter-sectoral cooperation ( Health Canada, 2006 ) . Accessibility refers to a go oning and organized supply of indispensable wellness services available to all people with no unreasonable geographic or fiscal barriers. Public engagement means persons and communities have the right and duty to be active spouses in doing determinations about their wellness attention and the wellness of their communities. Health Promotion is the procedure of enabling people to increase control over and to better their wellness. Appropriate engineering includes methods of attention, service bringing, processs and equipment that are socially acceptable and low-cost. Inter se ctoral cooperation is the committedness from all sectors ( authorities, community and wellness ) is indispensable for meaningful action on wellness determiners ( Canadian Nurses Association, 2005 ) . Health Care in Rural Canada The challenge of supplying good quality wellness attention close to place in a state as huge and sparsely populated as Canada is non new. In malice of major scientific promotions and a wellness attention system that is rated amongst the top in the universe, the challenge remains. A figure of factors play a function in the handiness of, and entree to, good quality attention for rural occupants. Distribution of Doctors The uneven rural-urban distribution of doctors has been at the Centre of treatment for a figure of old ages. Less than 10 % of all doctors are known to be practising in rural Canada where about 20 % of the Canadian population resides ( Government of Canada, 2002 ) . When the information is broken down between household doctors general practicians and specializers, it is clear that specializers are even more under-represented in rural parts. Rural parts encounter troubles in recruiting and retaining doctors. Many factors play a function in a doctor ‘s determination to come in rural pattern, including both personal and professional dimensions. Physicians most interested in working in rural countries frequently come from rural backgrounds and are committed to working in this environment. Physicians ‘ determinations to go forth rural pattern are normally influenced by non-monetary factors, such as a deficit of professional back-up, long hours of work, limited chances for farther medical preparation, deficient occupation chances for spouses, and concerns over kids ‘s educational chances ( Government of Canada, 2002 ) . Levels of satisfaction with rural work appear to lift with propinquity to big urban centres. Several inducements are being implemented to promote and retain doctors in rural parts by most states and new schemes are ever being discussed. Another suggestion for covering with the deficit of rural doctors is to do rural wellness a more of import portion of the course of study in medical schools across Canada. The Canadian Medical Association has put forth recommendations that the instruction of doctors for rural pattern deserves particular attending to guarantee adequateness and rightness of larning experiences to run into the alone demands of rural Canada. You read "Primary Healthcare Services Rural Seniors Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Medical specializers are besides under-represented in rural countries with, harmonizing to the Canadian Medical Association, merely 5 % of the entire figure of Canadian specializers practising in rural countries. In Ontario, merely 4 % of specializers pattern in rural communities ( Government of Canada, 2002 ) . This state of affairs is expected to go worse in the following 20 old ages, when two-thirds of retiring doctors will be specializers and one-third household physicians/general practicians. This deficit of specializers will doubtless hold an impact on the rural community. It is of import to observe that there are grounds that one can reason with to apologize the uneven distribution of doctors. With Canada ‘s rural population being sparsely distributed in little Numberss, it is non executable to hold many doctors in rural and distant countries where the population is merely a few hundred. Having doctors for such a little figure of people is non economically executable and can take away from other countries that have a greater population. Sing the fact that many to a great extent populated countries are already missing doctors, increasing the figure of doctors for smaller populations may non be the best determination. Distribution of other Health Care Professionals The distribution of doctors is one of the biggest jobs in rural Canada and it is besides the most widely discussed ; nevertheless, it is of import to observe that the handiness of and entree to, other wellness attention professionals is besides of concern. The Canadian Medical Association has found that there is a deficiency of psychiatric nurses, physical healers, occupational healers, address diagnosticians and linguistic communication diagnosticians in rural countries ( Romanow, 2002 ) . Attempts are being made to counterbalance for this job by implementing household wellness squads. A Family Health Team is an attack to primary wellness attention that brings together different wellness attention suppliers to give the best possible quality of attention for the patient. Family Health Teams consist of physicians, nurses, nurse practicians and other wellness attention professionals who work together and convey their ain alone experiences and accomplishments so that the patient receives the really best attention when it is needed ( Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, 2009 ) . This attack is designed to convey wellness attention as stopping point to place as possible for people populating in rural and distant countries every bit good as urban countries. This attack is besides meant to give physicians support from other wellness attention professionals so doctors and general practicians do non hold to bear the load of covering with patients entirely. Distribution of Health Care installations There is an uneven distribution of infirmary services and wellness attention installations and this reflects the uneven distribution of medical professionals every bit good. The sum of clip and distance it takes for people populating in rural countries to acquire to wellness attention installations is a major job. Traveling for a long clip for a long distance requires clip and money and besides adds to the uncomfortableness of the individual that is badly. There are no infirmaries in many little rural communities. The nearby urban centres may hold infirmaries with basic medical installations. However, patients need to be taken to big urban centres when specialized intervention is needed. For illustration, in Ontario, larger rural communities have infirmaries that provide indispensable services such as 24-hour exigency attention, OBs, anaesthesia, and general surgery. Smaller infirmaries may besides supply these installations ; nevertheless, these medical installations can be dependen t on specializers who may necessitate to be brought in from different infirmaries located in urban centres ( Romanow, 2002 ) . Rural countries have a limited figure of infirmaries which provide a limited figure of services, unlike their urban opposite numbers. When infirmaries do non supply certain services, which can be an issue for people populating in those countries, who already have such limited picks on their wellness attention. For illustration, if the lone infirmary available in a distant country is operated by spiritual leaders and followings, so installations such as abortion can non be available to the people. Although the option of abortion is available in several urban countries, many rural countries do non hold the option and if person is seeking abortion, so they would hold to go long distances to entree such a installation. It is of import to observe that similar to doctors, it may non be economically executable to hold a infirmary for every distant country where the population is much smaller than many of the urban countries. Hence, alternate options such as household wellness squads can be a good option for many of the rural countries. Rural Seniors Large populations of seniors in Canada live in rural countries. Approximately, one tierce of Canada ‘s seniors live in rural countries and little towns ( Minister of Public Works and Services Canada, 2002 ) . Seniors are besides the largest consumers of wellness attention. A figure of wellness jobs are peculiarly prevailing among aged Canadians, including depression, dementedness ( including Alzheimer ‘s Disease ) , osteoporosis, malnutrition, and loss of bodily maps ( sight, hearing, mobility, continency ) . All of these may necessitate specialised medical attention and support services. Traveling long distances to make needed services is peculiarly disputing for seniors with mobility jobs. The bulk of seniors in Canada live independently and it has repeatedly been proven through surveies that independency is a critical influence in seniors ‘ lodging picks. The capacity to populate independently, nevertheless, depends upon a figure of factors, including wellness, fiscal position, and the handiness of support services, which include professional services, such as medical or personal attention ( Minister of Public Works and Services Canada, 2002 ) . Over the old ages, a figure of support services have been developed to assist seniors. These services include repasts for seniors, particular transit, homecare, sing housewifes, societal and recreational plans, and reding and information. Although these services are effectual, they are for the big portion available merely in urban countries. In rural and distant countries there are jobs with entree to primary wellness attention. The deficiency of after hr ‘s services can take to the usage of exigency suites in the infirmary for instances that are non so terrible such as minor hurts or unwellness. Besides, if primary attention suppliers such as household physicians are non available at all, so patients have no pick but to travel to exigency suites in infirmaries for minor hurts and unwellnesss ( Minister of Public Works and Services Canada, 2002 ) . These patients who lack the primary attention supplier and therefore hold to see infirmaries are known as orphan patients. A bulk of the orphan patients are seniors. Besides, due to miss of appropriate attention, many of the patients that need specialized attention have to wait in infirmary beds, and occupy a bed, until they can be transported to other medical installations that offer such attention. The patients that occupy hospital beds in such manner are known as pati ents who need Alternative degree of Care ( ALC ) ( Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, 2009 ) . It is of import to cover with the deficiency of primary wellness services in rural countries in efficient ways because seniors are more concentrated in rural parts and seniors are the largest consumers of wellness attention. An effectual manner to undertake this would be to use household wellness squads as you can hold a assortment of professionals working together and this can be good to patients every bit good as the medical professionals. Another effectual manner to turn to this issue, particularly the issue of ALC, is to utilize telemedicine. Ontario has one of the largest telemedicine webs in the universe and it is known as the Ontario Telemedicine Network. Telemedicine is the bringing of health-related services and information utilizing telecommunications engineerings. Through videoconferencing, digital instruments like stethoscopes and patient scrutiny cameras, telemedicine can present wellness attention straight to the places of the patients alternatively of patients holding to go ( Ontario Telemedicine Network, 2010 ) . This is particularly effectual in rural countries as the distance required to go can take a batch of clip and money. Cuting down on the traveling can besides be really good to seniors as they would salvage clip, money and they would non hold to go while ill. Telemedicine can assist with Alternative degree of Care patients as the patients now would non hold to go to urban centres and travel to specializers as the specializers can now come to them via videoconferencing. North East LHIN Enterprises The Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care ( MOHLTC ) has started the Aging at Home Strategy with an purpose to reenforce the ability of community support services to let seniors to populate healthy, independent lives in their ain places. The enterprise is being led by the Local Health Integration Networks ( LHINs ) , with each LHIN having a specific support allotment to run into the demands of their local communities. Programs being funded include: enhanced place attention and community support services such as repasts, transit, shopping, snow shoveling and attention giving supports ( Northeast LHIN, 2010 ) . The North East LHIN ‘s enterprise can be peculiarly helpful with primary wellness attention. Their inaugural includes heightening the scope of place attention services for seniors to avoid unneeded ER admittances and support seasonably discharge from ER and infirmary. The North East LHIN besides looks to make intensive community based instance direction, in-home primary attention, enhanced community supports and enhanced mental wellness services ( Northeast LHIN, 2010 ) . European Primary Health Services Initiatives States in Europe besides experience similar issues in primary wellness attention services as Canada does. Looking at the enterprises taken by European states and comparing it to initiatives taken in Canada can be an effectual manner to compare and contrast the different wellness systems and besides to look for farther betterments in the Canadian wellness attention system. In Greece, the authorities has put forth the thought of community centres for the business and protection of older people. There are many of these centres, called KAPI, throughout the state. These centres combine the socialising facet with primary wellness attention installations every bit good as other societal services ( Oxford Institute of Aging, 2003 ) . These centres have societal nines and activities every bit good as primary wellness attention suppliers including doctors and physical therapists. Baseball clubs such as these can besides possibly be effectual in Canada. The nines do non needfully hold to be extras like those in Greece, but utilizing a similar thought can be helpful in footings of primary wellness attention services for seniors. Decision With the uninterrupted rise of the aging population in Canada, the demand for primary wellness attention services are increasing. This includes more focal point on bar and intervention of common diseases and hurts, basic exigency services and wellness publicity. It is of import to implement primary wellness attention services in rural Canada as the bulk of Canada ‘s seniors live in rural countries and besides because seniors are the biggest consumers of wellness attention. Current enterprises such as household wellness squads, telemedicine and the Aging at Home Strategy are taking good paces in footings of presenting primary wellness attention services. A combination of such plans along with larning from several plan applied around the universe can take to better primary wellness attention services for seniors, every bit good as the population as a whole. How to cite Primary Healthcare Services Rural Seniors Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Contemporary Intelligence Corruption

Question: What form of corruption did you identify as emergent in your sport of choice? List the 5?10 key factors that led you to assess it as the emergent form of corruption and discuss their relevance and/or significance. Answer: Introduction Corruption can be referred as the misuse of funds and powers for realising personal gains and profits. It means having dishonest conduct and fraud and also includes theft or manipulation of facts. Corruption is spread nowadays everywhere and in almost every country but there are dilemmas between what is legal and illegal. There is a fine line between acceptable and unacceptable actions of corruption. This report contains a new phenomenon which is corruption in sports in Australia. Recently, sports in Australia has seen many illegal activities like match fixing or doping, which are just the examples of emergent corruption in the Australian sports. Body Context Match fixing and illegal sports has become a big threat to the reliability of sports in Australia and there are many attempts made for exploiting the players, coaches or umpires to fix the match. This emergent corruption is seen in the game of Table Tennis in Australia. Corruption is seen in the form of gambling, match fixing or doping in Table Tennis. The actual extent of the corruption in Australian sports is not clear. There are some events which shook the sports of Australia in recent years and which led to its assessment as the emergent form of corruption (Smith, 2010). Corruption comes in categories in sports. It can be match fixing, doping or misuse of information for betting purposes. The factors that led to the corruption in Australian Table Tennis are: Huge money earned by the game: Table Tennis is the game which is loved by all and the game has many sponsors and investors which led to the generation of huge amount of money. This generated money is now misused by the official and is flowed into the illegal channels which led to match fixing activities (Shleifer and Vishny, 2009). Greed for money: The greed for money makes the players and other people including in betting involve into these activities which spreads corruption at a good speed. Corruption established its foot with such a great intensity which is hard to be eradicated from the Australian Table Tennis and from the Table Tennis game of the world. Human beings are the species whose greed does not end at any point of time. Honest people are shadowed by those who are involved into the activities to make huge amount of money and that too through illegal means (Goel, 2010). The environment: The environment of the game plays a very important role in enhancing the chances of corruption in the game of Table Tennis or in any other game. The closed environment gives strength to players and other people to get engaged in such activities because there is no such strong regulation and sometimes the government or the other governing boards and bodies are themselves sharing the contribution in the amounts which are generated in the corruption activities (Dimofte et al., 2012). Salary amounts: The government provides minimum salary to the sport players and the other officials which lead them and encourage them to engage into such activities. In the local and national Table Tennis tournaments, the salaries provided by the Table Tennis board are at such a lower amount which encourages the players to participate in the match fixing schemes. Integrity: Integrity can be referred as to the quality of honesty or degree of honesty of people which determines his/her state of participating into the illegal or corrupting activities. If the person is honest and high in integrity, there would be no or fewer chances of involvement of the person in the corruption activities and in the illegal activities like betting or match fixing (Ewoh, 2013). This factor is important because it shows the possibility of the officials, administrators or other stakeholders to get involved into the gambling or any other corruption activities in the game of Table Tennis. The scope of gambling or illegal activities: Match fixing activities are under the security check of government and media also has attention on it nationally and internationally. It depend that how strong the government or media is in controlling the corruption and legal activities. If the scope is wide, the corruption spreads at a rapid rate and if the control of government is strong, the scope of emerging of corruption activities will be low. Advancement of technology and communications: The advancement of communication and technology allow the people to engage into the corruption activities. It helps the gamblers to place the bets on the matches and its results. It also helps in determining the gamblers that whether the particular outcome will occur or not in a Table Tennis match. These bets can be known as exotic bets which enhance the potential of corruption activities in the industry of Table Tennis sport (Marjit et al., 2014). The emergence of digital technologies at a rapid speed reduced the national boundaries between the nations and the betting cases and illegal activities in the Australian Table Tennis have seen a large increase. Different innovative products and technologies have made betting and other illegal activities convenient and easy for the gamblers. These may include online channels where the gamblers can communicate with each other and this trend is ever increasing in the future because technology is i ncreasing and improving day by day (Aghion et al., 2016). Criminal issues: Sports now have become a platform for criminal activities. People are betting and fixing matches and manipulating the results of the games which makes them enable to earn the profits which are actually illegal (Herrmann, 2012). There are also strong links between the illegal sports gambling and match fixing activities which needs strong government controls to stop the same. These gambling and illegal activities are not only against the main motive of sportsmanship and gaming but also lead to many criminal incidents which are against the real spirit of sports and games. One such example is of the central allegation in the Table Tennis matches in Australia in 2007 in which three matches at Wimbledon are showed in files but there are no such evidences of those matches. Also some suspicious betting activities were found after the game took place between Nikolay Davydenko and Martin Vassallo Arguello. The allegations from these two players were cleared but the investigation was carried on for the long time. Around 16 core group players claimed to have been losing their games when the betting activities were suspected. It was claimed that around 35000 was offered to the players to fix the games (Barcham, et. al., 2012). Conclusion Much can be done to remove corruption from sports in the country but it needs involvement from everyone. There should be openness in the decisions and the policies made. It should be clear to all that what policies are made and how. Anti corruption measures can be adopted in the code of conduct and constitutions. The government can start open bidding processes which prevents corruption by people. Fairness in bids need to be monitored. Ethical in sports can be promoted by the sponsors of the sports events as a part of corporate responsibility programmes taken by them. Media also has a power to awareness among people for the eradication of corruption from the sports. The sports sector can be corruption free if these solutions can be applied. References Smith, T. H. (2010). Corruption: The abuse of entrusted power in australia. Albert Park, Vic: Australian Collaboration. Shleifer, A., Vishny, R. W. (1993). corruption. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 599-617. doi:10.2307/2118402 Barcham, M., Hindess, B., Larmour, P. (2012). Corruption: Expanding the focus. Canberra, A.C.T: ANU E Press. Mugarura, N. (2010). The effect of corruption factor in harnessing global anti-money laundering regimes. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 13(3), 272-281. doi:10.1108/13685201011057145 Marjit, S., Mandal, B., Roy, S. (2014). Trade openness, corruption and factor abundance: Evidence from a dynamic panel. Review of Development Economics, 18(1), 45-58. doi:10.1111/rode.12068 Dimofte, G., Bolea, I., Rusu, R. (2012). Corruption - a relevant factor in the international economic crisis. Risk in Contemporary Economy, 1, 447-455. Ewoh, A. I. E., Matei, A., Matei, L. (2013). Corruption, public integrity, and globalization in south-eastern european states. A comparative analysis. Theoretical and Applied Economics, (1), 7-34. Herrmann, D., Ms, Fletcher, C., Ms, Books24x7, I. (2012;2016;). The internationalisation of corruption : Scale, impact and countermeasures. Farnham: Gower. doi:10.4324/9781315556611 Goel, R. K., Nelson, M. A. (2010). Causes of corruption: History, geography and government. Journal of Policy Modeling, 32(4), 433-447. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2010.05.004 Aghion, P., Akcigit, U., Cag, J., Kerr, W. R. (2016). Taxation, corruption, and growth. European Economic Review, 86, 24-51. doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.01.012

Traditional Bullying Vs free essay sample

Bullying has been an extreme issue all around the world for hundreds of years, and since modern technology has advanced, so has cyber bullying. â€Å"‘Gimme’ your lunch money† has turned into texting and posting gruesome threats and embarrassing material all over social media. Millions of kids all over the world have taken their own lives due to the harmful effects of cyber bullying. Problems that cannot be resolved independently are brought to court, and the government has become increasingly involved in banning cyber bullying across the nation. Many young adults (mostly girls) have been tried and convicted of cyber bullying. The United States is making efforts to stop cyber bullying by creating laws against it. The issue of cyber bullying has taken the entire world by storm. Every day, more people are seeing the effects of cyber bullying in their everyday lives, and more people are reaching out to put an end to cyber bullying. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Bullying Vs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bullying is an unwanted and aggressive action and/or behavior that affects millions of children and teenagers that involves a real or perceived power imbalance that is repeated, or has the potential to be repeated, over time (â€Å"What is Bullying† n. pg). Bullying includes actions such as making threats, spreading rumors, attacking someone physically or verbally, and excluding someone from a group on purpose. There are four major types of bullying: cyber bullying, verbal bullying, social bullying, and physical bullying (â€Å"The Issue of Bullying† n. pg). Cyber bulling is when a child, preteen or teen is tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child, preteen or teen using the Internet, interactive and digital technologies, more specifically, mobile phones. Many cyber bullies think that bullying others online is funny, for cyber bullies may not realize the consequences of bullying someone online. Children have killed each other and committed suicide after having been involved in a cyber bullying incident (â€Å"What is Cyberbullying Exactly?† n. pg). â€Å"Verbal bullying is saying or writing vicious things that include: teasing, name-calling, inappropriate sexual comments, taunting, or threatening to cause harm† (â€Å"What is Bullying† n. pg). In addition, social bullying is referred to as â€Å"relational bullying†, that involves hurting someone’s reputation or relationships. Social bullying includes: leaving someone out on purpose, telling other children not to be friends with someone, spreading rumors about someone, or embarrassing someone in public (â€Å"What is Bullying† n. pg). Sometimes, social bullying can lead to physical bullying. Physical bullying involves hurting a person’s body or possessions. Physical bullying includes: hitting/kicking/pinching, spitting, tripping/pushing, taking or breaking someone’s things, or making mean or rude hand gestures (â€Å"What is Bullying† n. pg).1 of every 7 students from kindergarten to grade 12 has been a bully or has been bullied. 90% of victims admitted that they suffered negative side effects. Among them are: significant drop in grades, addiction to drugs and/or alcohol, increase in depression, increase in anxiety, loss of friend, and loss of social life (â€Å"Bullying Statistics† n. pg). â€Å"..Up to 43% of students have been bullied while online. 1 in 4 have had it happen more than once† (The Issue of Bullying n. pg). There are therefore two main reasons why bullying is significant. The first one is the prevalence of the problem†¦[A]t least 68% of all school age children had been bullied at least once, 38% had been bullied at least twice while 8% were affected by bullying to the extent of thinking about committing suicide, running away or being chronically ill†¦The second significance of bullying is in its effect. Professor Pearce, a Child Psychiatrist, states†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢[B]ullying does matter as it is connected to other and later acts of violence such as vandalism, hooliganism and domestic violence. He points out that aggressive behavior in children tends to continue.’( Alfandary, n. pg). For many decades, bullying was viewed as a relatively harmless â€Å"rite of passage and ignored altogether. Sadly, it has taken high-profile acts of school violence and youth suicide to change the public perception of bullying behavior, and to reach an understanding of what it actually is. Children have killed each other and committed suicide after having been involved in a cyber bullying incident. Bullying can lead a child to commit suicide, commit self harm amongst him/herself, or hurt other people. â€Å"[A] study shows that bullying id prevalent, with almost 30% of the largest sample of 6th- though 10th- graders reporting that they have participated in bullying, being bullied, or both†¦Those formerly bullied have been found to have higher rates of depression and poor self-esteem† (Howard, Prothroe-Stith, 1). The history of bullying has drastically changed; today, modern-day bullying is viewed differently and holds a different value and importance (Bullying 2). Bullying has been an issue for hundreds of years, but it is only since 1862 that bullying was first reported. Bullying is a critical issue that has only gotten worse over the years. Modern-day bullying compared to 18th century bullying was not as commonly seen and was not as detrimental. The way bullying has been viewed over the years has changed drastically, it started as verbal and physical bullying in schools, but today has transformed into a much more vicious thing. In 1862 a man, John Flood was a bully victim. â€Å"Flood had been the victim of ‘long, malignant and systematic bullying’† (â€Å"History of Bullying† n. pag).This first report of bullying, turned violent very quickly. Flood who was also a soldier, shot the bully and was convicted and sentenced to death. This sentence however, was overturned by the Queen because he was known to be a kind sole. (â€Å"History of Bullying† n. pag) This bullying situation is just one of numerous examples of how bullying can change a person’s attitude and feelings about his or her self, and take drastic measures like suicide or murder. In 1981 the first law against bullying was proposed. This law was then only thought about in the upcoming years. The law was made specifically for school bullying to spare the students the humiliation and sadness that would be felt by the kids. By the year 2000 a new kind of bullying was starting to become more frequent. Up with the wave of technological advancement, cyber bullying evolved along with the computers and phones (â€Å"History of Bullying† n. pag). Cyber bullying is the act of bullying through computers, cell phones, social media, or any other technological device that targets mainly teens. Cyber bullying is the more common way of modern-day bullying and is much more relentless because nearly everyone can see it. â€Å"It would be bad enough to be cyber-bullied by one kid when nobody else knew about it, but a video seen by hundreds or thousands of your peers could be devastating,† (â€Å"The rise of cyber-bullying† n. pag). [In 2003 a boy named] Ryan Halligan was bullied so relentlessly at school, he finally learned kickboxing to defend himself from the physical assaults. But when the attacks moved online, he had no way to fight back, and no refuge. October 2003, Ryan hanged himself in his familys bathroom. He was 13 years old. Now, Ryans father travels to schools around the country to share the events that led up to his sons suicide and to warn educators and students about the dangers of cyber bullying. (â€Å"History of Bullying† n. pag). This is not the only example of what cyber bullying can lead to for the victims, this specific occurrence was only one of the first to happen. Other situations like Ryan’s are Gail Jones, Tyler Clementi, Megan Meier, Rehtaeh Parsons, Jamey Rodemeyer, Audrie Pott, Amanda Todd, and countless others (â€Å"Victims of cyber-bullying† n. pag). In 2006 the very first law opposing cyber bullying was passed. The law states, â€Å" it [is] a federal crime to annoy, abuse, threaten or harass another person over the internet† (â€Å"History of Bullying† n. pag). This law among many others is a way to show how the nation is trying to oppose bullying of any kind. Laws are not the only things being done to prevent bullying, but conferences and national days (National Day of Action Against Bullying Violence) have been put into action as well. â€Å"More than 1 out of 3 kids have been bullied online in 2012†. (Bullyingstatistics.org). In our modern day society, our everyday actions are focused around social media. Social Networking Sites are easily accessible and can be seen by anyone; Two key components to why cyber bullying is so harmful and destructive. Victims of cyber bullying are being put on blast for the whole world to see. Most teens do not want to tell someone that they are being bullying; 52% of teen that have been cyber bullied haven’t reported it. Research shown by the Cyber bullying Research Center has concluded that victims of cyber bullying have a lower self-esteem than non-victims, this same organization also released that â€Å"more girls are cyber bullies than boys, to be exact 59% girls and 41% boys.†(Cyber Bullying Research Center n.p.) The Cyber Bullying Research Center has also produced an experiment on how the victims of cyber bullying feel, it was concluded that both boys and g irls reported to feel angry, sad, and embarrassed. However, more girls than boys feel frustrated, while report to feel boys are scared. Many people wonder why cyber bullying occurs, Enough is Enough Organization did a study on this and concluded with shocking output. â€Å"11% of kid said to show off to friends, 14% said to be mean, 16% said something else, 21 of kids said to embarrass them, 28% said for fun or entertainment, 58% of kids said that they deserved it and 58% said to get back at someone. Another common question asked is why is bullying and cyber bullying still happening? For the reason that cyber bullying is a very new twist on the traditional bullying a study was conducted on January 11 by Temple University. They concluded that one of the reasons that cyber bullying is an ongoing issue is because nearly half of school social workers feel unequipped to handle cyber bullying. Also 81% of youth agree that bullying online is easier to get away with than bullying in person and 80% think it is easier to hide online bullying from parents than in-person bullying.† (Enough is Enough-Internet Safety, n.p.) It is seen that cyber bullying is a huge issue, through current events. A recent event that happened took place in California on April 14th. Three boys accused of sexually assaulting an intoxicated 15-year-old girl, after raping her they took nude pictures of her and posted them online, days after the girl took her own life. Were talking about, other than murdering someone, the highest degree of a crime you could possibly do, which is to violate them in the worst of ways and then to effectively rub her face in it afterwards Said Robert Allard the attorney of the girls mother, father and stepmother. (US News n.p.) In the United States, the issue of bullying is taken seriously. According to the Cyber bullying Research Center, 49 of 50 states (excluding Alaska) have created laws against bullying. Though these laws differ per state, they all share common aspects that are fundamental to curbing bullying. Many of these core topics relate, either directly or indirectly, to cyber bullying. In all laws against bullying, the distinction is made that the scope of bullying includes â€Å"conduct that occurs on the school campus, at school-sponsored activities or events (regardless of the location), on school-provided transportation, or through school-owned technology or that otherwise creates a significant disruption to the school environment (â€Å"Key Components in State Anti-Bullying Laws†). Any activity that acts in opposition to appropriate online behavior on technology that is property of a school is illegal in the eyes of most state governments. As the Kelly Warner Law states, cyber bullying is any form of harassment, torment, or threat directed from one individual to another over the use of â€Å"digital, interactive or Internet technologies or mobile devices† (â€Å"Cyber Bullying Laws†). Whether the technology belongs to the student or the school, cyber bullying on campus is not allowed, and neither is cyber bullying off campus through means of self-owned or school-owned technology. Another key component to many anti-cyber bullying laws is the prohibition of â€Å"perpetuating bullying or harassing conduct by spreading hurtful or demeaning material even if the material was created by another person (e.g., forwarding offensive e-mails or text messages)† (â€Å"Key Components in State Anti-Bullying Laws†). In short, this idea states that it is illegal to spread degrading content, even in the case of chain letters or sharing received content with others. It is no more appropriate to act maliciously against someone online than to act maliciously against someone in person, and state governments are increasingly recognizing this cyber bullying issue and taking action against it. More and more states are passing laws against cyber bullying. Just recently, on April 29, 2013 in Tallahassee, Florida, the Florida Senate passed a bill to â€Å"expand the authority of Floridas public schools to discipline students for cyber bullying done through use of a school computer, at the site of a school-sponsored activity or on a school bus† (â€Å"Bill Aimed at Cyber bullying Clears Senate†). In a Senate vote, the bill passed with 100% approval and 0% opposition (thirty-seven people for the bill and zero against it). The bill will now move on for approval from the Governor; so far it has quickly and efficiently passed through the law system as more people have come to recognize cyber bullying as an issue as prominent as bullying. According to Cyber bullying is not worse than Physical bullying, cyber bullying is not worse than the physical side of bullying for a couple of reasons† (Cyber bullying vs. Physical Bullying). It has been statistically stated that 32% of kids have been bullied online, but 62% have been bullied offline. Even though more kids have been bullied online, they would prefer a sentence on Facebook over a punch in the jaw. At the same time, cyber bullying is widespread and the â€Å"hurt† can last forever while physical bullying can hurt temporarily. Also many people can view the picture or post wherever it may be and it is impossible to delete the post/picture. When someone is in the middle of fight a teacher or adult can break it up, but online there are not teachers or adults monitoring and breaking up the fight. Various people which wrote the article titled Traditional Bullying VS. Cyber bullying stated that traditional bullying is drastically different than cyber bullying. T raditional bullying is usually face to face, in a public place, and with a smaller audience. Cyber bullying is anonymous, it can be at home or at school, and it is with a larger audience. Ybarra and Mitchell both examined the internet users for ages 10-17 and found that 15% of those are harassers, 51% are harassers who were traditionally bullied, and 20% are victims (Gradinger, Petra, Dagmar Strohmeier, and Christiane Spiel). This experiment showed that many people who cyber bully, have been traditionally bullied in the past.

The Light of Sight essays

The Light of Sight essays In this universe there are many thing that we cannot explain. Among these many things is light. Light, as far as we know, come in different wavelengths and the size of the wavelength determine what type of light it is. The middle wavelength lights are what gives us the seven basic colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Beside these visible lights there are the lights that cannot be seen by the human eye. These invisible lights can be grouped into two other groups the long waves and short waves. The first group of waves is the longer wavelength of light including infrared and radio waves. Radio waves, the longest wavelengths, alternate and can be volatile. Arthur C. Clarke said in the essay "The Light of Common Day" that since radio waves fluctuate so much no animal has ever been able to sense them. He goes on to say that if you had an eye big enough to see radio waves your eyes would be millions of times larger than a normal eye. The next longest wave is the infrared light waves. Infrared light is used nowadays to see in the night. Special goggles are designed to pick up infrared light making it possible to see at night. The next group of light waves are the shorter waves of ultraviolet and x-rays. Ultraviolet light, sometimes referred to as UV, is right next to violet and is just beyond sight. UV light is what causes sunburns and can be very painful. In Arthur C. Clarks essay it states that even though UV light is not visible the retina of the human eye reacts powerfully to it. He compare the human eye to a camera and says that a good camera need may types of lenses made out of different types of glass to take a good picture. The human eye has only one lens and cannot possible see UV light. The last type of light is the x-ray. The x-ray is the smallest wave and is used in the medical field greatly to take pictures through flesh of bones. Even though x-rays are very useful they can be very...

Comparative criminal justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Comparative criminal justice - Assignment Example The rulings of the lower courts can be appealed in the highest court –the Federal Court of Justice. The judges of local courts are tasked with hearing of prosecutions that lead to a sentence of not more than one year, whereas cases deemed to be more serious or leading to a sentence of up to three years, the local court judges are assisted by two lay judges who are equivalent of a jury in the common law system. Criminal cases which have sentences of more than three years are heard in a Land Court and presided over by three judges assisted by six lay judges. Cases such as genocide or treason, and appeals from lower courts are heard in a Land court of appeal, and are presided by a five judge bench. Japan’s criminal justice system, the penal code is based on the German model and are, therefore, very similar. The criminal procedure code guarantees the right of the accused and seems to be more accusatorial despite the fact that the judge is still allowed to question witnesses, and decide cases based on the evidence presented by both plaintiff and defendant. On the other hand, Saudis criminal justice system is based on the sharia, specifically the Hanbali school of Sunni Islam (Fairchild and Dammer 65). This system gave prominence to the beliefs and sayings of Muhammad, the prophet and Islam traditions. Crimes such as homicide, adultery, theft, personal injury, and so on, are defined carefully with penalties prescribed for each. As opposed to the German model or the common law, crimes such as homicide are considered crimes against a person not society, and as such the state administers justice on its own liking. In fact, victim’s family or the victim has the right to prescribe punishment or grant clemency. As opposed to German and Japanese criminal justice system, the Saudi criminal justice systems are based on concepts that are

Good Night, Good Luck Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Good Night, Good Luck - Essay Example The movie covers the conflict between Murrow and McCarthy and the Sub –committee on investigation. Murrow considers the character of McCarthy as careless and criticizes his actions since he exploits the public (Nitzsche, 2007). The main aim of Murrow is to enlighten the public, and he works tirelessly with his staff in the CBS newsroom. The staff is very supportive and they back his up this delicate mission. They rebel to the sponsorships pressures, and they expose the lies and fear mongering techniques that McCarthy uses. A public argument develops when the senator accuses the Anchor of being a communist. A fear filled atmosphere is filled in the newsroom, but the crew carries on with their tenacity on the issue. The media house decides to show the real character of McCarthy by airing a story on a navy pilot who was a security risk the USA. The Navy pilot named Milo was a security risk since his father had attended meetings that were related acts of communism. Radulovich was asked to denounce his family but could not and he was charged guilty even without there being a trial (Nitzsche, 2007). The story was controversial since it created a bad image for CBS, and it created a risk of advertisers not paying on stands against the senator. The media house however moves the show to a non-popular night to minimize the controversy and protect their image. Murray is however not stopped since he has to prove his accusations o the senator. He had an idea that the Air force was wrong in the way they imprisoned Radulovich an act that had not been brought to the public. Murrow was determined to expose the senator’s secretive and atheistic nature. McCarthy, on the other hand, was determined to stamp out communism. McCarthy accuses innocent people of being traitors without providing any evidence. The movie documents cases of Milo and Lee

Influence of Culture on Multinational Companies

Influence of Culture on Multinational Companies Abstract This report provides with the evidence for deriving the analysis on the cultural influence on the multinational corporations while dealing with the cross-national markets. On the basis of the world famous cross-cultural expert, Geert Hofstedes elements of culture, the report has been guided for making the proper analysis of the example taken i.e. LOreal, which has been taken for supporting the activities performed by the corporation to deal with the cultural differences in various international markets. This report is commissioned by Rumorama Banking Corporation. The report is intended for internal use only and is specific to the factors regarding the adoption of online banking. The internal use is primarily as a managerial guide to the marketing and commercial targets of Rumorama Banking Corporation. 1.0 Introduction Culture It is the set of values, beliefs, rules, and institutions held by a specific group of people. It is learned and shared by common category people and the elements of culture are interconnected. Group boundaries are well defined by the culture. Each large culture may contain some subcultures having the same context. Culture influences the decision making, impacts the management in strategic activities and also the negotiations. Ethnocentricity is a belief that ones own culture is universally superior to others. (Hofstede, 1982) Elements of Culture Aesthetics sense of beauty and good taste Art, color, symbols, music, folklore Attitudes and beliefs Time, directness, achievement, work, change Manners (appropriate behavior) and customs (traditional behaviors) Education Literacy, science, math, trades, management Legal and political system Secular versus religious Free or not free Planned versus laissez-faire Societal organization Family structure, in-laws, extended family, divorce Class mobility Associations by age, gender, common interests, or otherwise Language and communication Verbal and non-verbal Gestures and body language Office size and closed versus open doors Conversational distance Touching Protecting traditional languages 2.0 Background 2.1 Elements of Culture Observed by Hofstede Individualism versus collectivism High/low power distance High/low uncertainty avoidance Desire for achievement/affiliation Long/short time horizon 2.2 Affects of culture on business: Culture has an impact on nearly all the functions of the management i.e. from finance to marketing to HR to IT. Culture is the major factor which decides whether establishing a business in foreign land will be an easy or difficult task by considering various cultural differences. The work ethics of the business will vary with different country leading to a major change in the work structure. Need Hierarchy Lower-order needs must be fulfilled prior to higher-order needs Workers in poor countries motivated by lower-order needs People from different countries or cultures may rank needs differently 5 dimensions of culture are: Power Distance Cultures are ranked high or low on this dimensions based on that societys ability to deal with inequalities, power, authority. Individualism vs. Collectivism Cultures are ranked on their orientation towards intersocietal relationships: Individualistic societies: loose ties, individual achievement and freedom In social orientation the relative importance of the interests of the individual is high in the individualism and the interests of the individual take precedence. And in power orientation the appropriateness of power/authority within organizations is high and in respect of power the authority is inherent in ones position within a hierarchy. Collectivist societies: tight ties, tend to be more relationship-oriented In social orientation the relative importance of the interests of the group is low in the collectivism, the interest of the group take precedence and in the power orientation the appropriateness power/authority within organizations is also low, regarding the power tolerance the individuals assess authority in view of its perceived rightness or their own personal interests. Masculinity vs. Femininity Cultures view relationship between gender and work role: goal orientation. High (masculine: aggressive goal value material possessions, money, and assertiveness) {goal orientation What motivates people to achieve different goals} Low (feminine: passive goal value social relevance quality of life, and the welfare of others Uncertainty Avoidance Cultures are ranked on extent that they accept ambiguous situations and tolerate uncertainty: risk issues. Low (uncertainty acceptance) positive response to change and new opportunities {uncertainty orientation an emotional response to uncertainty and change} High (uncertainty avoidance) Prefer structure and a consistent routine Long Term vs. Short Term orientation Classification of culture or attributes of culture or segmentation of culture or culture model Elements of culture: rituals, religion, aesthetic, social institution, symbols, thought processes, lifestyle, food, values, languages 2.3 Multicultural challenges in international business today Multinational corporations, increasingly recognize that success in global marketplace depends, to a large degree, on the employees ability to deal in the international arena (Prof. Tapio Varis, University of Tampere) Ability to relate to ourselves and to other different people is used increasingly as a measurement when deciding between the applicants who will get a job. Many national corporations also agree that maximum efficiency in the workplace depends on high diversity competence (every person has possibility to use his/her special personal motivation and multidimensional ability) and good ethnic relations among their employees (Prof. Pekka Auvinen, Seinà ¤joki Polytechnic). International Standardization Organization ISO team (2006) is preparing a community based responsibility standard ISO 26  000 which emphasizes labours well-being and development. The name of the document will be International Standard Proving Guidelines for Social Responsibility. It will be published in 2008 and will take into consideration issues dealt with in this course. In business culture we do not take into consideration emotions the changing processes do not happen in practice (Hargreaves, 1998). 3.0 LOreal example for showing the cultural impact in foreign markets As seen in the theoretical and the empirical part, culture is one of the elements which influence the consumer behaviour, what can impact on the firm strategy. The aim of a research done by the LOreal is to understand the influence of culture on the consumer behaviour in international markets and to explain in what ways the consumer behaviour is influencing adaptation strategy investigating LOreal Paris in the Asian Zone (Japan, South Korea and PRC) in order to determine if cultural differences influence LOreal Paris adaptation strategy for its products and promotion. 3.1 Analyzing the LOreal case with Hofstedes study on elements of culture This hierarchy of needs can be linked to the individualism versus collectivism Hofstedes dimension. Indeed China and South Korea are highly collectivist and Japan is moderately collectivist. Thus the motivation of people will depend more on the other members of the group. Masculinity versus femininity Hofstedes dimension can also play a role in the motivation. Japan is a very masculine country, PRC is in the average and South Korea has more feminine values. The motivation of Japanese may have more feminine values like family or well being. The uncertainty avoidance dimension is another important factor of influence in the motivation. It evaluates the ability to incur a risk. Japan and South Korea people have high score; they need for a lot of information in order to feel secure. They look for quality in each detail like the packaging. They listen to the advice of the salespersons in the shops to be sure that the product is adapted to them. At the opposite, Chinese people, who have a lower score, are not afraid by the decision-making. 3.2 Some of the changes in LOreals business activities due to change in culture, differentiating their marketing or promotional activities: 1) As it is mentioned in the empirical finding, Asian and European people have different ways of speaking. Asian people are vaguer, indirect and pay heed not to offence people whereas European people are most direct. Being frank will be well perceived in European but not accepted in Asia. 3) for example, in Asian cultures, lot of subjects belong to the private sphere and are not supposed to be broached in public situations. 4) Asian countries are more neutral than affective. They do not show their feelings and give the impression of controlling themselves. This tendency is confirmed by the fact that Japan and PRC have a high masculinity level, what highlights the fact of hiding emotions. However, Korean people have a lower masculinity index. That shows the difficulty of treating all the countries of the Asian zone in the same way. 5) The last element is the relationship people have with the brand- , firm- and country-image. For example, France has a luxury image in Asia and LOreal Paris a quality one. This superposition of values may create a positive attribute for LOreal Paris when launching products in Asia market. This image is different in the Asian zone. Chineses and Koreans prefer this brand because they consider that France is well known for cosmetics, on the contrary, Japaneses are more suspicious and think that it is not a Japanese brand and that is not a product especially made for them. 6) The physical canons are different. It is well seen in Asia to have a white skin. Thus, LOreal Paris adapts its products to the perception of beauty. In Asia, foundations have a very light colour and contain a special molecule in order for the skin not to tan. This tendency is a bit different in PRC where cultural influences are more American oriented, what implies darker colours utilization. 7) In Asian countries, it must have simple shapes and colours. In order for the customer to perceive the packaging in a more friendly way, LOreal Paris adapts shapes and colours. 8) Because made in France has a luxury image, it was easier to gain credibility in Asian countries when LOreal launched LOreal Paris there. However, since Asian people (especially Japanese and South Korean) think they are different and need adapted products, LOreal Paris played with the sourcing effect. It created factories in China and in Japan to do researches and sell more adapted products. 9) LOreal Paris has different advertisements with Asian top model in addition to western one. The aim, once again, is to create an international LOreal Paris but with Japanese values in Japan, Korean values in South Korea and Chinese values in PRC. The brand uses local models. Women can identify to them since they share the same physical characteristics, they have the same culture and the same nationality. Conclusion The Asian market has its own specificities and its own culture. The way people perceive the product or the promotion, the way they motivate their choice or purchase is unique and LOreal Paris adapts many of its products elements in that way. First, about the product, LOreal Paris changes some physical aspects like the colours of the product (perception)* or the formulation (self concept, group influence)*. It also adapts the packaging attributes putting more details to the quality or the aesthetic aspect (perception)* and highlighting the luxury image of the brand (brand-and country-image)* thanks to a more Zen and simple packaging. Moreover, the service attributes appear in a more obvious way in the Asian zone (uncertainty avoidance, purchase)*. There, the salespersons are especially trained to answer all the questions possible (learning and memory)* about the molecule of the product or the way of using it, and they advice the customers in the most technical way (uncertainty avoidan ce)* thanks to some special programmes helping to know more about the specificities of each skin. The point of sales is also adapted with a more luxurious and personal concept (motivation, perception)* and the symbolic attributes are taken into account in the colours range (perception)* which is lighter. The promotion is adapted to the consumer behaviour differences too. LOreal Paris uses local top-model to enable people to recognize their own country in the advertisements. It creates some special web sites for the countries (self concept, perception)*. Moreover, in china, LOreal Paris adapts its promotion to the fact that Chinese expect more information about how to use the products (attitude towards change)* To conclude and to answer our research question, culture differences may influence LOreal Paris adaptation strategy for the make-up products and their promotion. The following model shows the elements of culture used (unconsciously or not) by LOreal Paris for its adaptation strategy, physical attributes, packaging, service attributes, symbolic attributes and promotion.

The Unique Corporate Culture in Google

The Unique Corporate Culture in Google Executive Summary The internet giant of search engine â€Å"Google†, always rated for the â€Å"Best Workplace†, â€Å"Best Employer† in the recent ten years. Why? Except the professional technology, Google’s great and unique corporate culture made so. The feature of Google’s corporate culture is equality, free and human oriented.The company provide the most luxury and comfortable work environment to its employee, encourage them relax more, play hard and work hard. From Google’s case, more and more companies realized the perks and benefits for the employee are no longer only medical, insurance, overtime pay, free coffee and two weeks holidays. In Google, nobody need to punch the clock, you can work in your own â€Å"time zone†.If you don’t want to leave your pet in the working time, bring it in your office, you can stay with it in every minute. You don’t need bring the lunch box to t he company, because it has free breakfast, lunch and dinner every day. Vast kinds of facilities are well-established. Like the professional massagist, the gym, the massage chair, the bicycle, the dry clean laundry, the slides, the electronic scooter, the oil change, and so on.Everything seems great, but if the employee has other demand, they can speak to the founder or CEO directly, maybe the request would be excessive or crazy, but if it is feasible, Google will satisfy employee in every possible way. The open policy reflects the equality in Google. Every employee can see the boss and co-workers work plan and schedule. Google think this way can let all employees get the information about company’s program progress and developing direction, make them feel they are trusted and will be one of the groups always.

Reading Habits Essay

First of all I would say thank you to our Almighty God for giving me the wisdom and the knowledge in doing this project. To my very intelligent, kind, and very patient Instructor, the Area chairman of the Teacher Education Student, Dr Angelita S. Nagun for giving advices to make this successful. Of course to my supportive and loving Parents, â€Å"Mr Danilo C.Cabato Sr and Mrs Violeta M. Cabato who sacrificed and giving their efforts for me especially for financial things. And to my friends and classmates, cousins, Especially Mr Nesty Esteben, for helping me to do this project and giving me the words of wisdom and encouragement, all of you thank you so much and God Bless.!! APPROVAL SHEET In Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Bachelor of Elementary Education, this research proposal entitled â€Å"LEVEL OF READING HABITS OF THE TEACHER EDUCATION STUDENTS OF PSU URDANETA† has been prepared and submitted by Philip Anthony M. Cabato who hereby recommended for oral examination. Angelita S. Nagun, Ph. D. Adviser Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination Angelita S. Nagun, Ph. D. Chairman Mariluz Segui , Ph. D Ofelia Imatong, MA. ED Member Member Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Elementary Education. CRISTITA C. DULOS, Ph.D. Zenaida U Suyat, Ph.D. Area Chairman, College of Teacher Education Campus Executive Director LEVEL OF READING HABITS OF THE TEACHER EDUCATION STUDENTS OF PSU URDANETA CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Francis Bacon’s off quoted observation that â€Å"reading make the man full† was made almost five Centuries ago, but still rings true today in an age of wireless communication and computer technology. Educators have expounded on the significance of reading in enhancing individual development and Cultural awareness. Whether pursued us as a pastime or as a means of furthering one’ education, for both reading keep us aware of what is going around us. It enforces us of what took place in the past affords us glimpses of what will happen in the future. The world of one who reads in necessarily wider than that of the other who does not. It is on the forgoing premise that the literate populace, especially the youths, are argued to devote more in readings broaden their mental horizon increase their awareness of the environment, and be abreast of the chances in modern society Reading is a very important issue which is not only about enjoyment but a necessity: basic tool of education (Makotsi, 2005). The impact of reading in people lives is extraordinary widespread. A reader can learn new skills, can  become a more knowledgeable person of the whole world, and he can be stimulated to both thought and emotion. One should read books and other materials to acquire knowledge. If the reading habits is not inculcated among the student community, the school of knowledge will go in vain. The hour is come for the student community to rise up and read books. So it is found necessary to study about the reading habit to the student especially to the TEACHER EDUCATION STUDENTS OF PSU URDANETA CAMPUS, URDANETA CITY PANGASINAN. The TEACHER EDUCATION STUDENTS OF PSU URDANETA CAMPUS, URDANETA CITY PANGASINAN are now having a problem as regards to their reading habit. As the researcher observed, many of the TEACHER EDUCATION STUDENTS OF PSU URDANETA, URDANETA CITY CAMPUS are reading only when they are told to do so and when examination or quizzes are coming. This study will conduct to help the students and encourage TEACHER EDUCATION STUDENTS OF PSU URDANETA, URDANETA CITY CAMPUS to determine the level of reading habits and to help them determine to themselves if they have good or poor reading habits. STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM The study will seek to determine the Reading Habits of the TEACHER EDUCATION STUDENTS OF PSU URDANETA CAMPUS, URDANETA CITY PANGASINAN A. Y. 2014-2015 Especially, this study will sought to answer the following questions. What is the Demographic Profile of TEACHER EDUCATION STUDENTS OF PSU URDANETA CAMPUS, URDANETA CITY PANGASINAN A. Y. 2014-2015. a. Age b. Sex c. Parents Educational Attainment; and d. Family Income What is the Level of Reading Habits of the TEACHER EDUCATION STUDENTS OF PSU URDANETA CAMPUS, URDANETA, CITY PANGASINAN as measured by the Likert Scale questionnaire when group in terms of: a. Age b. Sex c. Parents Educational Attainment; and d. Family Income What is the Level Reading Habits of the TEACHER EDUCATION STUDENTS OF PSU URDANETA CAMPUS, URDANETA CITY PANGASINAN as measured of by Likert Scale when group as a whole? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study will be focusing on the Reading Habits of the TEACHER EDUCATION STUDENTS OF PSU URDANETA CAMPUS, URDANETA CITY PANGASINAN and deemed to benefit several factors. INSTRUCTORS. Teacher may be able to realize that they have the ability to motivate and encourage students to read. STUDENTS. The researcher will help the students know their level of Reading Habits and for them to be aware to themselves if they have good and poor Reading Habits. PARENTS. Parents may be able to realize that they have a certain influence to make their children read and make it one of their Habits. RESEARCHER. The whole process of the research will serve as a training on how to become an effective and efficient teacher. SCOPE AND DELIMINATION OF THE STUDY The research study will conduct to the TEACHER EDUCATION STUDENTS OFPSU URDANETA CAMPUS , URDANETA CITY PANGASINAN during Second Semester of A.Y. 2014-2015. DEFENITION OF KEY TERMS The following terms are defined lexically and operationally to provide a common understanding of terms in the study. READING. In this study, it is thee cognitive process of understanding a written linguistic method. It also means the action or practice of a person who reads. HABIT. In this study, it is a tendency or disposition to act in a particular way. It also means an established custom, usually practice. READING HABITS. Reading Habits refers to the behaviour which express likeness of reading of individual types of reading and tastes of reading. (Sangkeo, 1999) In this study, it is the creation of a strong desire to read that continues throughout the student’s life. LEVEL. It is a position on a real or imaginary scale of amount, quantity, extent or quality. As used in this study, it refers to the degree or standing of the TEACHER EDUCATION STUDENTS for their reading habits. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents a brief discussion of relevant and selected literature and studies. This will give the researcher the needed insight and background for discussion and analysis of the finding in this study. It includes  Literature and studies reviewed by the researcher which serves as guide and references for the paradigm of the study. RELATED LITERATURE Reading is important for students in general in order to cope with new knowledge in a changing world and technological age. The ability to red is the hearth of self- education and lifelong learning. Reading according to Fatimayin and Lawa(2010), connotes the ability to read well not only English Language and literature text, but also newspaper, magazines, journal, periodical, etc. Reading is a key to a wealth of experience that links people in a way unlimited by distance or time. It provides experience through which the individuals may expand his horizons, identify and develop his interest while gaining a deeper insight of himself, his fellow human beings and the world generally. Potter (2011) opines that reading fire’s children’s imagination and encourage quick learning as well as widens, expand horizons, and help reader learn about dimes. He further argues that it encourages imagination, curiously and the ability to handle complex ideas. Reading plays a vital role in any worthwhile efforts to learn English. It is also a tool for learning other subjects and a yardstick for measuring academic progress. It is also a through reading that educational objectives can be accomplished. Above all, reading is related to other language skills. Bright and McGregor(1971:3) describe that it has the â€Å" core of the English Language Syllabus† by explaining that the language acquisition of the large extent on reading. It is a gateway to academic success, that is the reason on its importance cannot be overstated. Reading makes way for a better understanding of one’s experience and it can be exciting voyage to self-discover ( Panigrahi and Panda, 1996: Eyre, 2005). According to Deverajan and Gray, as cited in Panigrahi and Panda (1996)0, reading influences the extent and accuracy of information as well as the attitudes, morals, belief, judgement and action of reading. According to William S. Grey, reading influences the extent and accuracy of information as well as the attitudes, moral beliefs, judgments and action of readers. Books are one of the best tools for training and upbringing. A good book always has a salutary effect on the mind of a reader. It will elevate spirit and thoughts. It will augment his store of knowledge. It is possible that the reading of book might have a deeper impact on the minds of the readers than the other sources of acquiring knowledge. Sometimes, reading brings about a revolutionary change in the outlook of a person. Reading is the basic foundation on which academic skills of an individual are built, and that has been verified by various studies time and again. Frequent reading is related to the development of sophisticated language structures; higher levels of comprehension, improved word analysis skills, and fluency in significant amounts of voluntary reading are associated with greater interest and skill developme nt (Irving, International Reading Association, 2000). According toChow & Chou, 2000, â€Å"a moderate amount of reading will lead to substantial vocabulary gains†. Also in the subject of vocabulary, Parry (1991) investigated how language learners acquire vocabulary. The subject in her study, whose vocabulary is limited, read very little. She concludes; â€Å"To establish a firm foundation for the vocabulary building to be done in academic courses, we should encourage our students to read as much as they can before they leave our classes† (Parry, 1991:649). RELATED STUDIES Reading habit refers to the behaviour which express the likeness of reading of individual types of reading and tastes of reading ( Sangkaeo 1999). It is a pattern withwhich an individual organizes his or her reading. Similarly, Shen(2000) identifies reading habits, as how often, how much, and what student read. Researchers in the past decade have devoted efforts to examining learner’s reading habits( e.g. Mokhtari, and Sheorey, 1994). With their endeavours, these researchers have discovered that reading habits are  associated with student’s gender, age, educational background, academic performance and professional growth. A good reading habit is necessary for a healthy intellectual growth and play’s a very crucial role in enabling a person to achieve practical efficiency. Furthermore, an individual interest are determine to a considerable extent by the amount he will read and the intensity with which he will pursue his reading activity. By reading books, onegets confirmation or rejection of one’s own ideas, which makes one think more critically about right and wrong in a society. Reading provides people with a sense of values which enable them to gradually to develop the greatest of all virtues, that is the ability to understand rather than condemn. Books can also be very comforting, especially at times when one doubt’s one’s self and one’s belief. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Behaviourist psychology of the 1950’s influenced the Traditional Bottom-up Approach to reading, which claimed learning was based upon â€Å"habit formation, brought about by the repeated association of a stimulus with a response† and language learning was characterized as a â€Å"response system that humans acquire through automatic conditioning processes,† where â€Å"some patterns of language are reinforced (rewarded) and others are not,† and â€Å"only those patterns reinforced by the community of language users will persist† (Omaggio 1993, 45-46). Behaviorism became the basis of the audio-lingual method, which sought to form second language â€Å"habits† through drilling, repetition, and error correction. The main method associated with the bottom-up approach to reading is known as phonics, which requires the learner to match letters with sounds in a defined sequence. According to this view, reading is a linear process by which readers decode a text word by word, linking the words into phrases and then sentences (Gray and Rogers, cited in Kucer 1987). According to Samuels and Kamil (1988: 25), the emphasis on behaviorism treated reading as a word-recognition response to the stimuli of the printed words, where â€Å"little attempt was made to explain what went on within the recesses of the mind  that allowed the human to make sense of the printed page†. In other words, textual comprehension involves adding the meanings of words to get the meanings of clauses (Anderson 1994). These lower level skills are connected to the visual stimulus, or print, and are consequently concerned with recognizing and recalling. Like the audio-lingual teaching method, phonics emphasizes on repetit ion and on drills using the sounds that make up words. Information is received and processed beginning with the smallest sound units, and proceeded to letter blends, words, phrases, and sentences. Thus, novice readers acquire a set of hierarchically ordered sub-skills that sequentially build toward comprehension ability. Having mastered these skills, readers are viewed as experts who comprehend what they read. Another theory closely related to top-down processing called schema theory also had a major impact on reading instruction. It describes in detail how the background knowledge of the learner interacts with the reading task and illustrates how a student’s knowledge and previous experience with the world is crucial to deciphering a text. The ability to use this schemata, or background knowledge, plays a fundamental role in one’s trial to comprehend a text.Schema theory is based on the notion that past experiences lead to the creation of mental frameworks that help a reader make sense of new experiences. Smith (1994: 14) calls schemes the â€Å"extensive representations of more general patterns or regularities that occur in our experience†. For instance one’s generic scheme of an airplane will allow him to make sense of airplane he has not previously filed with. This means that past experiences will be related to new experiences, which may include the knowledg e of â€Å"objects, situations, and events as well as knowledge of procedures for retrieving, organizing and interpreting information† (Kucer, 1987: 31). Anderson (1994: 469) presents research showing that recall of information in a text is affected by the reader’s schemata and explains that â€Å"a reader comprehends a message when he is able to bring to mind a schema that gives account of the objects and events described in the message†. Comprehension is the process of â€Å"activating or constructing a schema that provides a coherent explanation of objects and events mentioned in a discourse† (Anderson, 1994: 473). For Anderson and Pearson (1988: 38), comprehension is the interaction between old and new  information. They emphasize: â€Å"To say that one has comprehended a text is to say that she has found a mental ‘home’ for the information in the text, or else that she has modified an existing mental home in order to accommodate that new information†. Therefore, a learner’s schemata will restructure it to accommodate new information as that information is added to the system (Omag gio, 1993). According to Block (1992), there is now no more debate on â€Å"whether reading is a bottom-up, language-based process or a top-down, knowledge-based process.† It is also no more problematic to accept the influence of background knowledge on readers. Research has gone even further to define the control executed by readers on their trial to understand a text. This control is what Block has referred to as meta-cognition. In the context of reading, meta-cognition involves thinking about what one is doing while reading. Strategic readers do not only sample the text, make hypotheses, confirm or reject them, and make new hypotheses while reading. They also involve many activities along the process of reading, whose stages can be divided into three, i.e. before reading, while reading, and after reading. The activities the readers involve before reading are to identify the purpose of the reading, identify the form or type of the text. In the second stage (while reading), they think about the general character and features of the form or type of the text—such as trying to locate a topic sentence and follow supporting details toward a conclusion, project the author’s purpose for writing the text, choose, scan, or read in detail, make continuous predictions about what will occur next based on information obtained earlier, prior knowledge, and conclusions obtained within the previous stages. Fina lly, in the last stage, they attempt to form a summary, conclude, or make inference of what was read. PARADIGM OF THE STUDY This study shown in Figure 1 in the study next page shows the direction of the study. The Paradigm further shows the demographic profile of the Teacher Education Students. Such as age, sex, parents educational attainment, and family income also respondents with regards to their level of reading habits. Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study The Teacher Education Students Profile in Terms of: Age Sex Parent’s Educational Attainment Family income Level of Reading Habits of Teacher Education Students Age Sex Parent’s Educational Attainment Family Income Figure 1. A paradigm showing the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of their age, sex, parents educational attainment and family income as well as the levels of reading habits of the respondents. Chapter III METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the research methodology. This contains the research design used, the subjects of the study, sample population, data-gathering instrument, datagathering procedures, and the statistical treatment of the data. Research Design The researcher made use of the Descriptive Survey Method. We will this method through giving our questionnaires to our respondents which are the Teacher-Education students in their most convenient time. The use of the method is to justify by the purpose of the researcher to gather information about the said topic. Respondents The respondents of the study were sixty (60) students. In every section of the Teacher-Education Department of Pangasinan State University from first year BEED and BSED to third year. A random sampling of students in every section was made. Ten (10) students from every section/course will be select. The chosen respondents are cooperative and willing to answer the questionnaire. All the respondents in the study will answer the questionnaires in order to find and determine their level of reading habits. Sample Population The researchers will be using random sampling since we are only limited from first year to third year students. Random sampling is the selection of a random sample; each element of the population has an equal chance of being select. The researchers will select the students that belong to the desired course and year level. Data Gathering Instrument The main data-gathering instrument was the two (2) set of survey questionnaires. The first part is intended to gather Teacher – Education students’ background information and the next part is a five-point Likert-Scale Type questionnaire. The questionnaire consisting of items under reading habits that requires the students to rate themselves in terms of scale: 5 – I strongly disagree, 4 – I disagree, 3 – I partly agree, 2 – I agree, 1 – I strongly agree. The researchers made use of the five-point scale likert type test as the main data gathering instrument. The test is made up of 27 questions to be answered by the respondents. Each questions as well as its corresponding options will explain thoroughly. All the options given are correct except that they differ on the degree on how the respondents answered the questions. Data Gathering Procedure The researchers will personally administer and retrieve the questionnaires to the respondents in the Teacher-Education Department. Assistance from their friends will seek in the administration and the retrieval of the questionnaires in other sections. Data from the questionnaires will be tally and tabulate for interpretation. Statistical Treatment of Data For the profile of the students of this research study, will tally and tabulate in the frequency (f) and percentage (p) table using the formula shown below. P= f/n (100%) Where, P = percentage equivalent f = frequency n = total number of respondents The mean use in describing the language acquisition will determined using the scale below: Mean Scale Rating Verbal Interpretation 4.20 – 5.00 Very High 3.40 – 4.19 High 2.60 – 3.39 Average 1.80 – 2.59 Low 1.00 – 1.79 Very Low To be able to answer the problem number 2, the Weighted Average Point (WAP) was employed to determine the reading habits level of the Teacher – Education students of the Pangasinan State University – Urdaneta Campus. The following formula used to compare for the Weighted Average Point (WAP) WAP = (f5x5) + (f4x4) + (f3x3) + (f2x2) + (f1x1) N Where: N = total number of respondents WAP = f5 = number of the responses who answered â€Å"I strongly disagree.† f4 = number of the response who answered â€Å"I disagree.† f3 = number of the response who answered â€Å"I partly agree.† f2 = number of the response who answered â€Å"I agree.† f1 = number of the response who answered â€Å"I strongly agree.† Pangasinan State University Urdaneta Campus Urdaneta City, Pangasinan March, 2014 Dear fellow Education Student in Pangasinan State University, May I request you to kindly fill up the attached questionnaire in connection with my special problem entitled Level of Reading Habits of the Teacher-Education Students of Pangasinan State University year 2014-2015.This will fulfil the requirements for the completion of our subject Introduction to Research. Thank you very much for your kind and cooperation. Very sincerely yours, Philip Anthony M. Cabato BEED II Direction: Please supply the needed information by filling up the given blanks or checking your answer to the questions asked. Name: Sex: Age: Birthday: Course/Section: Parents: Father: Mother: 1. Educational Attainment: a. Father: Elementary Secondary Vocational College b. Mother: Elementary Secondary Vocational College 2. Occupation: a. Father: Manual Vocational Technical Professional *manual *vocational *technical *professional Laundering – Dressmaker/ Tailor – Technician – Lawyer -Teacher Carpenter – Beautician/ Barber – Mechanic – Doctor -Employee Baker – Driver – Electrician – Nurse Housekeep – Midwife Mason – Dentist Janitor – Engineer Farming – Architect – Labourer a. Mother: Manual Vocational Technical Professional *manual *vocational *technical *professional Laundering – Dressmaker/ Tailor – Technician – Lawyer -Teacher Carpenter – Beautician/ Barber – Mechanic – Doctor -Employee Baker – Driver – Electrician – Nurse Housekeep – Midwife Mason – Dentist Janitor – Engineer Farming – Architect – Labourer 3. Family Income: a. Father: _____ Low (P7, 000 & below) _____ Average (P8, 000-P10, 000) _____ High (P11, 000 & above) b. Mother: _____ Low (P7,000& below) _____ Average (P8,000-P10,000) _____ High (P11,000& above) Self- Assessment Questionnaire for Reading Habits Directions: For each of the following statements, put a check mark on the appropriate column that corresponds to your answer. SCALE RATING 1 I strongly agree 2 I agree 3 I partly agree 4 I disagree 5 I strongly disagree Statements 1. When I read books, I feel happy. 2. When I have to read something, I feel anxious. 3. Reading books helps a person learn a language. 4. I read only when I need to find some information. 5. I would rather see a play in a theatre than read the play in a book. 6. I enjoy reading things on the Internet. 7. I enjoyed reading at school. 8. I didn’t enjoy reading at school. 9. I have many books at home. 10. I don’t have much free time for reading. 11. Reading teaches me a lot about life and about people. 12. I get bored in my free time if I don’t have a book to read. 13. I learn more from TV than from reading books. 14. If you want to be well- educated, you must read books. 15. Reading books teaches you things that help you make decisions. 16. I would rather spend money on books than on clothes. 17. I read books only when my teacher tells me I should. 18. I think reading books will be helpful for me in my life. 19. I don’t think reading books will be helpful for me in my life. 20. When I don’t understand something I am reading, it makes me feel less confident about myself. 21. I want to be like my friends, and they don’t read. (If your friends like reading, don’t answer this question.) 22. I had a teacher or teachers who enjoyed reading and made me feel I would like to read. 23. My parents encourage/have always encouraged me to read. 24. I think books are too expensive for me to buy. 25. I have a quiet place where I can read undisturbed. 26. At University, I had a quiet place where I could read and study undisturbed. 27. I don’t think books will be important fifty years from now. Bibliography (http://balaibahasa.upi.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/01_Noorizah-Reading_habit-edited.pdf ) (http://www.buzzle.com/articles/importance-of-reading.html)